ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS

A.    Adjectives

An adjective is a word used to qualify a noun or pronoun. There are seven in numbers:

a.       Proper adjectives

b.      Adjective of quality or state

c.       Adjective of number or quantity

d.      Distributive adjective

e.       Demonstrative adjective

f.       Interrogative adjective

g.      Possesive adjective

a.       Proper adjective

This is formed from proper noun. They are always capitalized.

Example:

Ø  Indonesian language

Ø  English lesson

b.      Adjective of quality or state

This shows of quality or what state the person or thing is (clever, dry, fat, golden, wooden, good, heavy, etc.)

Example:

Ø  Agus is a diligent boy

Ø  My mother buys wooden chairs

c.       Adjective of number or quantity

This shows how many things are there or in what numeral order the thing stands. This adjective is dividen into two kinds:

1.      Definite numeral adjective

Definite numeral adjective is an adjective which shows some exact number. It has two kinds:

ü  Cardinal number: any number used in counting or in showing how many.

Example :

Ø  Tommy has two pens

Ø  We have three houses.

ü  Ordinal number: any number used to indicate order ina particular series.

Example:

Ø  He is the fourth speaker.

Ø  Anca is the first winner.

2.      Indefinite numeral adjective

Indefinite  numeral adjective is adjective which shows number or some kinds without saying precisely what the number is (all, some, no, many, few much, little, any more, several, sundry).

Example:

Ø  Many people are poor.

Ø  Few visitors come here.

d.      Distributive adjective

A distributive adjective is an adjective that refers to individually to all members of a group.

Example:

Ø  Every people have study.

Ø  Each student has a schedule.

e.       Demonstrative adjective

A demonstrative adjective is a word that shows what thing is meant. The words this, that, these and those when used as modifiers are called demonstrative adjectives, because they tell which one or which ones about the nouns they modify.

Example:

Ø  I like this book.

Ø  We saw that play.

f.       Interrogative adjective

This adjective is used to ask a question.

Example:

Ø  What time is it now?

Ø  Which language has Jones studied?

g.      Possesive adjective

This adjective is the adjective used to show the possession.

Example:

Ø  Where is your book?

Ø  This is my pen.

B.     Adverb

An adverb is a word which modifies a verb, an adjective or another adverb:

Example:

Ø  Please sit here. (the adverb here modifies the verb “sit”)

Ø  She is very happy. (the adverb very modifies the adjective “happy”)

Adverbs are used to tell time (when), place (where), reason (why), manner (how), degree (how much), to what extent and frequency (how often).

Example:

Ø  They will leave soon.                 (time)

Ø  He will wait here.                      (place)

Ø  She is always late.                      (frequency)

VERB AS COMPLEMENT

VERB AS COMPLEMENT

Verb as complement is the arrangement of one verb as the object of another verb. The idea behind ‘complements’ in grammar is that not all verbs can stand alone – many of them need to be ‘completed’ by other words or phrases, such as objects, other verbs, clauses, etc. This is a fairly complex area, and in this unit we have chosen to focus on some of the more common types of complements.

At this point, it would be useful to distinguish between

• complements, which are needed to make the sentence ‘complete’ and

• adjuncts, which provide additional information but are not indispensable.

Consider the underlined words in the following examples:

1. He wanted a new car.

2. He wanted to drive the car.

Without the underlined parts, these sentences would be incomplete: *’He wanted’. So the underlined words are complements of the verb wanted – they ‘complete’ it. Compare these complements with the following examples:

3. He laughed aloud.

4. He laughed at his classmate’s mistake.

The underlined parts in (3-4), of course, add more information to the sentence. But, unlike (1-2), they are not absolutely necessary to make the sentence grammatical. You can leave them out and the sentence would still be grammatical: ‘He laughed’. So, the underlined parts are not complements, but adjuncts, which are optional and can be omitted. The underlined parts in the following are also adjuncts:

5. He wanted a new car for his next birthday.

6. He wanted to drive the car because he loved driving.

In this course, we will not be saying much about adjuncts, because they are less likely to cause errors, and because they are too many and varied. But complements are grammatically much more important, and you should try your best to use them correctly.

1.      Verb + To Infinitive

In one sentence, after the verb could be followed by another verb that functions as a complement verb / auxiliary verb. Some of the particular verb must be followed to infinitive if the verb is functioning as a verb complement.

Example :

Wrong: They decided not continue the contruction of the bridge

Wrong: They decided not continueing the contruction of the bridge

Correct: They Decide not to continue the contruction of the bridge

Wrong: Father toll me that he did not intend buying the car Because it was very expensive

Wrong: Father toll me that he did not intend buy the car Because it was very expensive

Correct: Father toll me that he did not intend to buy the car Because it was very expensive

Other verbs that follow by ‘to infinitive’ is as follows:

Agree	Ask	Attempt	Arrange
Claim	Appear	Come	Decide
Demand	Expect	Fail	Forget
Hope	Hesitate	Intend	Learn
Manage	Mean	Need	Offer
Plan	Prepare	Pretend	Promise
Regret	Refuse	Swear	Tend
Threaten			Want

2.      Verb + Gerund

In addition followed by infinitive verb that functions as a complement, there are also some verbs that must be followed verb-ing/gerund as a complement verb / auxiliary verb.

Example :

Wrong: The man denied the take all the money in this drawer

Wrong: The man denied to take all the money in this drawer

Correct: The man denied taking all the money in this drawer

Another verb which is followed by verb-ing/gerund are as follows:

Admit	Advice	Anticipate	Appreciate
Avoid	Complete	Consider	Discuss
Dislike	Delay	Deny	Enjoy
Finish	Can’t help	Keep	Mention
Mind	Miss	Postpone	Practice
Quit	Recall	Recollect	Recommend
Regret	Resent	Resist	Tolerate